Edit File: openssl.1
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Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" openssl \- OpenSSL command line tool .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \&\fIcommand\fR [ \fIcommand_opts\fR ] [ \fIcommand_args\fR ] .PP \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBlist\fR [ \fBstandard-commands\fR | \fBdigest-commands\fR | \fBcipher-commands\fR | \fBcipher-algorithms\fR | \fBdigest-algorithms\fR | \fBpublic-key-algorithms\fR] .PP \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR [ \fIarbitrary options\fR ] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (\s-1SSL\s0 v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (\s-1TLS\s0 v1) network protocols and related cryptography standards required by them. .PP The \fBopenssl\fR program is a command line tool for using the various cryptography functions of OpenSSL's \fBcrypto\fR library from the shell. It can be used for .PP .Vb 8 \& o Creation and management of private keys, public keys and parameters \& o Public key cryptographic operations \& o Creation of X.509 certificates, CSRs and CRLs \& o Calculation of Message Digests \& o Encryption and Decryption with Ciphers \& o SSL/TLS Client and Server Tests \& o Handling of S/MIME signed or encrypted mail \& o Time Stamp requests, generation and verification .Ve .SH "COMMAND SUMMARY" .IX Header "COMMAND SUMMARY" The \fBopenssl\fR program provides a rich variety of commands (\fIcommand\fR in the \&\s-1SYNOPSIS\s0 above), each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments (\fIcommand_opts\fR and \fIcommand_args\fR in the \s-1SYNOPSIS\s0). .PP Detailed documentation and use cases for most standard subcommands are available (e.g., \fBx509\fR\|(1) or \fBopenssl\-x509\fR\|(1)). .PP Many commands use an external configuration file for some or all of their arguments and have a \fB\-config\fR option to specify that file. The environment variable \fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR can be used to specify the location of the file. If the environment variable is not specified, then the file is named \&\fBopenssl.cnf\fR in the default certificate storage area, whose value depends on the configuration flags specified when the OpenSSL was built. .PP The list parameters \fBstandard-commands\fR, \fBdigest-commands\fR, and \fBcipher-commands\fR output a list (one entry per line) of the names of all standard commands, message digest commands, or cipher commands, respectively, that are available in the present \fBopenssl\fR utility. .PP The list parameters \fBcipher-algorithms\fR and \&\fBdigest-algorithms\fR list all cipher and message digest names, one entry per line. Aliases are listed as: .PP .Vb 1 \& from => to .Ve .PP The list parameter \fBpublic-key-algorithms\fR lists all supported public key algorithms. .PP The command \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR tests whether a command of the specified name is available. If no command named \fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR exists, it returns 0 (success) and prints \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR; otherwise it returns 1 and prints \fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR. In both cases, the output goes to \fBstdout\fR and nothing is printed to \fBstderr\fR. Additional command line arguments are always ignored. Since for each cipher there is a command of the same name, this provides an easy way for shell scripts to test for the availability of ciphers in the \fBopenssl\fR program. (\fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR is not able to detect pseudo-commands such as \fBquit\fR, \&\fBlist\fR, or \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR itself.) .SS "Standard Commands" .IX Subsection "Standard Commands" .IP "\fBasn1parse\fR" 4 .IX Item "asn1parse" Parse an \s-1ASN.1\s0 sequence. .IP "\fBca\fR" 4 .IX Item "ca" Certificate Authority (\s-1CA\s0) Management. .IP "\fBciphers\fR" 4 .IX Item "ciphers" Cipher Suite Description Determination. .IP "\fBcms\fR" 4 .IX Item "cms" \&\s-1CMS\s0 (Cryptographic Message Syntax) utility. .IP "\fBcrl\fR" 4 .IX Item "crl" Certificate Revocation List (\s-1CRL\s0) Management. .IP "\fBcrl2pkcs7\fR" 4 .IX Item "crl2pkcs7" \&\s-1CRL\s0 to PKCS#7 Conversion. .IP "\fBdgst\fR" 4 .IX Item "dgst" Message Digest Calculation. .IP "\fBdh\fR" 4 .IX Item "dh" Diffie-Hellman Parameter Management. Obsoleted by \fBdhparam\fR\|(1). .IP "\fBdhparam\fR" 4 .IX Item "dhparam" Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by \&\fBgenpkey\fR\|(1) and \fBpkeyparam\fR\|(1). .IP "\fBdsa\fR" 4 .IX Item "dsa" \&\s-1DSA\s0 Data Management. .IP "\fBdsaparam\fR" 4 .IX Item "dsaparam" \&\s-1DSA\s0 Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by \&\fBgenpkey\fR\|(1) and \fBpkeyparam\fR\|(1). .IP "\fBec\fR" 4 .IX Item "ec" \&\s-1EC\s0 (Elliptic curve) key processing. .IP "\fBecparam\fR" 4 .IX Item "ecparam" \&\s-1EC\s0 parameter manipulation and generation. .IP "\fBenc\fR" 4 .IX Item "enc" Encoding with Ciphers. .IP "\fBengine\fR" 4 .IX Item "engine" Engine (loadable module) information and manipulation. .IP "\fBerrstr\fR" 4 .IX Item "errstr" Error Number to Error String Conversion. .IP "\fBgendh\fR" 4 .IX Item "gendh" Generation of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Obsoleted by \fBdhparam\fR\|(1). .IP "\fBgendsa\fR" 4 .IX Item "gendsa" Generation of \s-1DSA\s0 Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by \&\fBgenpkey\fR\|(1) and \fBpkey\fR\|(1). .IP "\fBgenpkey\fR" 4 .IX Item "genpkey" Generation of Private Key or Parameters. .IP "\fBgenrsa\fR" 4 .IX Item "genrsa" Generation of \s-1RSA\s0 Private Key. Superseded by \fBgenpkey\fR\|(1). .IP "\fBnseq\fR" 4 .IX Item "nseq" Create or examine a Netscape certificate sequence. .IP "\fBocsp\fR" 4 .IX Item "ocsp" Online Certificate Status Protocol utility. .IP "\fBpasswd\fR" 4 .IX Item "passwd" Generation of hashed passwords. .IP "\fBpkcs12\fR" 4 .IX Item "pkcs12" PKCS#12 Data Management. .IP "\fBpkcs7\fR" 4 .IX Item "pkcs7" PKCS#7 Data Management. .IP "\fBpkcs8\fR" 4 .IX Item "pkcs8" PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool. .IP "\fBpkey\fR" 4 .IX Item "pkey" Public and private key management. .IP "\fBpkeyparam\fR" 4 .IX Item "pkeyparam" Public key algorithm parameter management. .IP "\fBpkeyutl\fR" 4 .IX Item "pkeyutl" Public key algorithm cryptographic operation utility. .IP "\fBprime\fR" 4 .IX Item "prime" Compute prime numbers. .IP "\fBrand\fR" 4 .IX Item "rand" Generate pseudo-random bytes. .IP "\fBrehash\fR" 4 .IX Item "rehash" Create symbolic links to certificate and \s-1CRL\s0 files named by the hash values. .IP "\fBreq\fR" 4 .IX Item "req" PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (\s-1CSR\s0) Management. .IP "\fBrsa\fR" 4 .IX Item "rsa" \&\s-1RSA\s0 key management. .IP "\fBrsautl\fR" 4 .IX Item "rsautl" \&\s-1RSA\s0 utility for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded by \fBpkeyutl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fBs_client\fR" 4 .IX Item "s_client" This implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 client which can establish a transparent connection to a remote server speaking \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 It's intended for testing purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL \fBssl\fR library. .IP "\fBs_server\fR" 4 .IX Item "s_server" This implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 server which accepts connections from remote clients speaking \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 It's intended for testing purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL \fBssl\fR library. It provides both an own command line oriented protocol for testing \s-1SSL\s0 functions and a simple \s-1HTTP\s0 response facility to emulate an SSL/TLS\-aware webserver. .IP "\fBs_time\fR" 4 .IX Item "s_time" \&\s-1SSL\s0 Connection Timer. .IP "\fBsess_id\fR" 4 .IX Item "sess_id" \&\s-1SSL\s0 Session Data Management. .IP "\fBsmime\fR" 4 .IX Item "smime" S/MIME mail processing. .IP "\fBspeed\fR" 4 .IX Item "speed" Algorithm Speed Measurement. .IP "\fBspkac\fR" 4 .IX Item "spkac" \&\s-1SPKAC\s0 printing and generating utility. .IP "\fBsrp\fR" 4 .IX Item "srp" Maintain \s-1SRP\s0 password file. .IP "\fBstoreutl\fR" 4 .IX Item "storeutl" Utility to list and display certificates, keys, CRLs, etc. .IP "\fBts\fR" 4 .IX Item "ts" Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server). .IP "\fBverify\fR" 4 .IX Item "verify" X.509 Certificate Verification. .IP "\fBversion\fR" 4 .IX Item "version" OpenSSL Version Information. .IP "\fBx509\fR" 4 .IX Item "x509" X.509 Certificate Data Management. .SS "Message Digest Commands" .IX Subsection "Message Digest Commands" .IP "\fBblake2b512\fR" 4 .IX Item "blake2b512" BLAKE2b\-512 Digest .IP "\fBblake2s256\fR" 4 .IX Item "blake2s256" BLAKE2s\-256 Digest .IP "\fBmd2\fR" 4 .IX Item "md2" \&\s-1MD2\s0 Digest .IP "\fBmd4\fR" 4 .IX Item "md4" \&\s-1MD4\s0 Digest .IP "\fBmd5\fR" 4 .IX Item "md5" \&\s-1MD5\s0 Digest .IP "\fBmdc2\fR" 4 .IX Item "mdc2" \&\s-1MDC2\s0 Digest .IP "\fBrmd160\fR" 4 .IX Item "rmd160" \&\s-1RMD\-160\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha1\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha1" \&\s-1SHA\-1\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha224\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha224" \&\s-1SHA\-2 224\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha256\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha256" \&\s-1SHA\-2 256\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha384\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha384" \&\s-1SHA\-2 384\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha512\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha512" \&\s-1SHA\-2 512\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha3\-224\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha3-224" \&\s-1SHA\-3 224\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha3\-256\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha3-256" \&\s-1SHA\-3 256\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha3\-384\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha3-384" \&\s-1SHA\-3 384\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha3\-512\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha3-512" \&\s-1SHA\-3 512\s0 Digest .IP "\fBshake128\fR" 4 .IX Item "shake128" \&\s-1SHA\-3 SHAKE128\s0 Digest .IP "\fBshake256\fR" 4 .IX Item "shake256" \&\s-1SHA\-3 SHAKE256\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsm3\fR" 4 .IX Item "sm3" \&\s-1SM3\s0 Digest .SS "Encoding and Cipher Commands" .IX Subsection "Encoding and Cipher Commands" The following aliases provide convenient access to the most used encodings and ciphers. .PP Depending on how OpenSSL was configured and built, not all ciphers listed here may be present. See \fBenc\fR\|(1) for more information and command usage. .IP "\fBaes128\fR, \fBaes\-128\-cbc\fR, \fBaes\-128\-cfb\fR, \fBaes\-128\-ctr\fR, \fBaes\-128\-ecb\fR, \fBaes\-128\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "aes128, aes-128-cbc, aes-128-cfb, aes-128-ctr, aes-128-ecb, aes-128-ofb" \&\s-1AES\-128\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBaes192\fR, \fBaes\-192\-cbc\fR, \fBaes\-192\-cfb\fR, \fBaes\-192\-ctr\fR, \fBaes\-192\-ecb\fR, \fBaes\-192\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "aes192, aes-192-cbc, aes-192-cfb, aes-192-ctr, aes-192-ecb, aes-192-ofb" \&\s-1AES\-192\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBaes256\fR, \fBaes\-256\-cbc\fR, \fBaes\-256\-cfb\fR, \fBaes\-256\-ctr\fR, \fBaes\-256\-ecb\fR, \fBaes\-256\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "aes256, aes-256-cbc, aes-256-cfb, aes-256-ctr, aes-256-ecb, aes-256-ofb" \&\s-1AES\-256\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBaria128\fR, \fBaria\-128\-cbc\fR, \fBaria\-128\-cfb\fR, \fBaria\-128\-ctr\fR, \fBaria\-128\-ecb\fR, \fBaria\-128\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "aria128, aria-128-cbc, aria-128-cfb, aria-128-ctr, aria-128-ecb, aria-128-ofb" Aria\-128 Cipher .IP "\fBaria192\fR, \fBaria\-192\-cbc\fR, \fBaria\-192\-cfb\fR, \fBaria\-192\-ctr\fR, \fBaria\-192\-ecb\fR, \fBaria\-192\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "aria192, aria-192-cbc, aria-192-cfb, aria-192-ctr, aria-192-ecb, aria-192-ofb" Aria\-192 Cipher .IP "\fBaria256\fR, \fBaria\-256\-cbc\fR, \fBaria\-256\-cfb\fR, \fBaria\-256\-ctr\fR, \fBaria\-256\-ecb\fR, \fBaria\-256\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "aria256, aria-256-cbc, aria-256-cfb, aria-256-ctr, aria-256-ecb, aria-256-ofb" Aria\-256 Cipher .IP "\fBbase64\fR" 4 .IX Item "base64" Base64 Encoding .IP "\fBbf\fR, \fBbf-cbc\fR, \fBbf-cfb\fR, \fBbf-ecb\fR, \fBbf-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "bf, bf-cbc, bf-cfb, bf-ecb, bf-ofb" Blowfish Cipher .IP "\fBcamellia128\fR, \fBcamellia\-128\-cbc\fR, \fBcamellia\-128\-cfb\fR, \fBcamellia\-128\-ctr\fR, \fBcamellia\-128\-ecb\fR, \fBcamellia\-128\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "camellia128, camellia-128-cbc, camellia-128-cfb, camellia-128-ctr, camellia-128-ecb, camellia-128-ofb" Camellia\-128 Cipher .IP "\fBcamellia192\fR, \fBcamellia\-192\-cbc\fR, \fBcamellia\-192\-cfb\fR, \fBcamellia\-192\-ctr\fR, \fBcamellia\-192\-ecb\fR, \fBcamellia\-192\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "camellia192, camellia-192-cbc, camellia-192-cfb, camellia-192-ctr, camellia-192-ecb, camellia-192-ofb" Camellia\-192 Cipher .IP "\fBcamellia256\fR, \fBcamellia\-256\-cbc\fR, \fBcamellia\-256\-cfb\fR, \fBcamellia\-256\-ctr\fR, \fBcamellia\-256\-ecb\fR, \fBcamellia\-256\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "camellia256, camellia-256-cbc, camellia-256-cfb, camellia-256-ctr, camellia-256-ecb, camellia-256-ofb" Camellia\-256 Cipher .IP "\fBcast\fR, \fBcast-cbc\fR" 4 .IX Item "cast, cast-cbc" \&\s-1CAST\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBcast5\-cbc\fR, \fBcast5\-cfb\fR, \fBcast5\-ecb\fR, \fBcast5\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "cast5-cbc, cast5-cfb, cast5-ecb, cast5-ofb" \&\s-1CAST5\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBchacha20\fR" 4 .IX Item "chacha20" Chacha20 Cipher .IP "\fBdes\fR, \fBdes-cbc\fR, \fBdes-cfb\fR, \fBdes-ecb\fR, \fBdes-ede\fR, \fBdes-ede-cbc\fR, \fBdes-ede-cfb\fR, \fBdes-ede-ofb\fR, \fBdes-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "des, des-cbc, des-cfb, des-ecb, des-ede, des-ede-cbc, des-ede-cfb, des-ede-ofb, des-ofb" \&\s-1DES\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBdes3\fR, \fBdesx\fR, \fBdes\-ede3\fR, \fBdes\-ede3\-cbc\fR, \fBdes\-ede3\-cfb\fR, \fBdes\-ede3\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "des3, desx, des-ede3, des-ede3-cbc, des-ede3-cfb, des-ede3-ofb" Triple-DES Cipher .IP "\fBidea\fR, \fBidea-cbc\fR, \fBidea-cfb\fR, \fBidea-ecb\fR, \fBidea-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "idea, idea-cbc, idea-cfb, idea-ecb, idea-ofb" \&\s-1IDEA\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBrc2\fR, \fBrc2\-cbc\fR, \fBrc2\-cfb\fR, \fBrc2\-ecb\fR, \fBrc2\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "rc2, rc2-cbc, rc2-cfb, rc2-ecb, rc2-ofb" \&\s-1RC2\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBrc4\fR" 4 .IX Item "rc4" \&\s-1RC4\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBrc5\fR, \fBrc5\-cbc\fR, \fBrc5\-cfb\fR, \fBrc5\-ecb\fR, \fBrc5\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "rc5, rc5-cbc, rc5-cfb, rc5-ecb, rc5-ofb" \&\s-1RC5\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBseed\fR, \fBseed-cbc\fR, \fBseed-cfb\fR, \fBseed-ecb\fR, \fBseed-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "seed, seed-cbc, seed-cfb, seed-ecb, seed-ofb" \&\s-1SEED\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBsm4\fR, \fBsm4\-cbc\fR, \fBsm4\-cfb\fR, \fBsm4\-ctr\fR, \fBsm4\-ecb\fR, \fBsm4\-ofb\fR" 4 .IX Item "sm4, sm4-cbc, sm4-cfb, sm4-ctr, sm4-ecb, sm4-ofb" \&\s-1SM4\s0 Cipher .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" Details of which options are available depend on the specific command. This section describes some common options with common behavior. .SS "Common Options" .IX Subsection "Common Options" .IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4 .IX Item "-help" Provides a terse summary of all options. .SS "Pass Phrase Options" .IX Subsection "Pass Phrase Options" Several commands accept password arguments, typically using \fB\-passin\fR and \fB\-passout\fR for input and output passwords respectively. These allow the password to be obtained from a variety of sources. Both of these options take a single argument whose format is described below. If no password argument is given and a password is required then the user is prompted to enter one: this will typically be read from the current terminal with echoing turned off. .PP Note that character encoding may be relevant, please see \&\fBpassphrase\-encoding\fR\|(7). .IP "\fBpass:password\fR" 4 .IX Item "pass:password" The actual password is \fBpassword\fR. Since the password is visible to utilities (like 'ps' under Unix) this form should only be used where security is not important. .IP "\fBenv:var\fR" 4 .IX Item "env:var" Obtain the password from the environment variable \fBvar\fR. Since the environment of other processes is visible on certain platforms (e.g. ps under certain Unix OSes) this option should be used with caution. .IP "\fBfile:pathname\fR" 4 .IX Item "file:pathname" The first line of \fBpathname\fR is the password. If the same \fBpathname\fR argument is supplied to \fB\-passin\fR and \fB\-passout\fR arguments then the first line will be used for the input password and the next line for the output password. \fBpathname\fR need not refer to a regular file: it could for example refer to a device or named pipe. .IP "\fBfd:number\fR" 4 .IX Item "fd:number" Read the password from the file descriptor \fBnumber\fR. This can be used to send the data via a pipe for example. .IP "\fBstdin\fR" 4 .IX Item "stdin" Read the password from standard input. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fBasn1parse\fR\|(1), \fBca\fR\|(1), \fBciphers\fR\|(1), \fBcms\fR\|(1), \fBconfig\fR\|(5), \&\fBcrl\fR\|(1), \fBcrl2pkcs7\fR\|(1), \fBdgst\fR\|(1), \&\fBdhparam\fR\|(1), \fBdsa\fR\|(1), \fBdsaparam\fR\|(1), \&\fBec\fR\|(1), \fBecparam\fR\|(1), \&\fBenc\fR\|(1), \fBengine\fR\|(1), \fBerrstr\fR\|(1), \fBgendsa\fR\|(1), \fBgenpkey\fR\|(1), \&\fBgenrsa\fR\|(1), \fBnseq\fR\|(1), \fBocsp\fR\|(1), \&\fBpasswd\fR\|(1), \&\fBpkcs12\fR\|(1), \fBpkcs7\fR\|(1), \fBpkcs8\fR\|(1), \&\fBpkey\fR\|(1), \fBpkeyparam\fR\|(1), \fBpkeyutl\fR\|(1), \fBprime\fR\|(1), \&\fBrand\fR\|(1), \fBrehash\fR\|(1), \fBreq\fR\|(1), \fBrsa\fR\|(1), \&\fBrsautl\fR\|(1), \fBs_client\fR\|(1), \&\fBs_server\fR\|(1), \fBs_time\fR\|(1), \fBsess_id\fR\|(1), \&\fBsmime\fR\|(1), \fBspeed\fR\|(1), \fBspkac\fR\|(1), \fBsrp\fR\|(1), \fBstoreutl\fR\|(1), \&\fBts\fR\|(1), \&\fBverify\fR\|(1), \fBversion\fR\|(1), \fBx509\fR\|(1), \&\fBcrypto\fR\|(7), \fBssl\fR\|(7), \fBx509v3_config\fR\|(5) .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The \fBlist\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR\fB\-algorithms\fR pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0; For notes on the availability of other commands, see their individual manual pages. .SH "COPYRIGHT" .IX Header "COPYRIGHT" Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved. .PP Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.